Journal: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance

Article Title: In vitro and in vivo anti-piroplasm activity of PBT2 against Theileria annulata and Babesia microti

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2026.100646

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structures of PBT2 (A) and PBT2 reduce the mRNA levels of TaSP and Tap104 (B). Error bars represent the SD of the mean from three independent biological replicates. ns, P > 0.05; ∗∗∗∗, P < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: The compounds PBT2 ( A), Bup and Diminazene aceturate (DA) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE) and stored as a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO (Macklin).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance

Article Title: In vitro and in vivo anti-piroplasm activity of PBT2 against Theileria annulata and Babesia microti

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2026.100646

Figure Lengend Snippet: PBT2 reduces the schizont burden in T. annulata -infected cells. Representative immunofluorescence images of TaNM and TaXJS cells in each treatment group, schizont nuclei are shown in green and host cell nuclei in blue (A). Quantification of the number of schizonts per host cell in each treatment group (B). Error bars represent the SD of the mean from three independent biological replicates. ns, P > 0.05; ∗∗∗∗, P < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: The compounds PBT2 ( A), Bup and Diminazene aceturate (DA) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE) and stored as a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO (Macklin).

Techniques: Infection, Immunofluorescence

Journal: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance

Article Title: In vitro and in vivo anti-piroplasm activity of PBT2 against Theileria annulata and Babesia microti

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2026.100646

Figure Lengend Snippet: PBT2 inhibits the proliferation of TaNM and TaXJS cells in vitro. The IC 50 values of PBT2 on TaNM and TaXJS cells (A). The cell viability of BoMac cells with different concentration of PBT2 (B). Colony formation assay demonstrated that PBT2 completely abolished clonogenic growth, representative images of colony formation are shown (C). Quantification of colony numbers before and after treatment with PBT2 or Bup (D). The values obtained were used to determine the IC 50 using nonlinear regression (curve fitting analysis) in GraphPad Prism software. Error bars represent the SD of the mean from three independent biological replicates. ns, P > 0.05; ∗∗∗∗, P < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: The compounds PBT2 ( A), Bup and Diminazene aceturate (DA) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE) and stored as a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO (Macklin).

Techniques: In Vitro, Concentration Assay, Colony Assay, Software

Journal: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance

Article Title: In vitro and in vivo anti-piroplasm activity of PBT2 against Theileria annulata and Babesia microti

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2026.100646

Figure Lengend Snippet: Metal ion content in T. annulata schizonts following PBT2 treatment. Error bars represent the SD of the mean from three independent biological replicates. ns, P > 0.05; ∗∗∗, P < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗, P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: The compounds PBT2 ( A), Bup and Diminazene aceturate (DA) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE) and stored as a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO (Macklin).

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance

Article Title: In vitro and in vivo anti-piroplasm activity of PBT2 against Theileria annulata and Babesia microti

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2026.100646

Figure Lengend Snippet: PBT2 disrupts redox homeostasis and reduces SOD activity in infected cells. ROS levels in TaNM cells following PBT2 treatment were quantified by flow cytometry, representative flow cytometry histograms are shown (A). Quantitative analysis of ROS levels (B). SOD activity in TaNM cells after PBT2 exposure, showing a significant reduction compared with untreated controls (C). Manganese supplementation partially rescued PBT2-induced growth inhibition in TaNM cells, indicating functional involvement of Mn depletion in redox imbalance (D). Error bars represent the SD of the mean from three independent biological replicates. ns, P > 0.05; ∗, P < 0.05; ∗∗, P < 0.005; ∗∗∗, P < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗, P < 0.0001 by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: The compounds PBT2 ( A), Bup and Diminazene aceturate (DA) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE) and stored as a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO (Macklin).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Infection, Flow Cytometry, Inhibition, Functional Assay

Journal: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance

Article Title: In vitro and in vivo anti-piroplasm activity of PBT2 against Theileria annulata and Babesia microti

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2026.100646

Figure Lengend Snippet: The growth inhibition of PBT2 on B. microti in vivo. Parasitemia was calculated by counting infected RBCs among 2000 R BCs using Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. The arrow indicates 5 consecutive days of treatment. Error bars represent the SD of the mean from five independent biological replicates, ∗, P < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test (A). Representative Giemsa-stained blood smear image obtained at peak parasitemia on the 8th day (B).

Article Snippet: The compounds PBT2 ( A), Bup and Diminazene aceturate (DA) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE) and stored as a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO (Macklin).

Techniques: Inhibition, In Vivo, Infection, Staining

Journal: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance

Article Title: In vitro and in vivo anti-piroplasm activity of PBT2 against Theileria annulata and Babesia microti

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2026.100646

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hematology profiles of PBT2-treated mice in vivo. The changes of RBCs (A), HGB (B), and HCT (C) in mice treated with PBT2 and DA. Error bars represent the SD of the mean from five independent biological replicates. Different colored asterisks indicate that the differences between the various groups are statistically significant. ∗, P < 0.05; ∗∗, P < 0.005; ∗∗∗, P < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗, P < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: The compounds PBT2 ( A), Bup and Diminazene aceturate (DA) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE) and stored as a 10 mM stock solution in DMSO (Macklin).

Techniques: In Vivo